Dada is an arts movement started in Zurich in 1916, and it also flourished in New York,  Berlin, Paris, and other locations. Disgusted at the outbreak of World War I and the nationalism and materialism that followed, the Dadaists used the arts to express a rejection of conventional visual art, literature, drama, and philosophy. The movement utilized shock to instill awareness into the audience. 
           The manner in which the name Dada was chosen is shocking on its own, but yet apropos. A knife was randomly pointed into a dictionary and the point landed on the word dada. Dada is French for hobby horse. The group liked the childish nonsensical sound of the word and chose it for the name of a movement that would become the beginning of modern art. The group from Zurich included the poets Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara and Richard Huelsenbeck, in addition the painters Hans Arp, Marcel Janco, and Hans Richter. In New York, a group formed around Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, and Man Ray. In Berlin, German groups got together with John Heartfield, George Grosz, and Hannah Hoch. From Paris, there was Tzara, Picabia, and Andre Breton. 
             Dadaists sought the discovery of authentic reality through negation of acceptable concepts of organization, and the traditional laws of beauty. Randomness is the method of organization, and the art is created with the philosophy of "art for art's sake." The artists used novel materials, including things thrown out into the streets, and new methods such as chance to determine the process of their works. In the philosophy of the romantic period, the Dadaists' revolt against standards was based on the belief in the essential goodness of humanity when uncorrupted by society. Dadaism continued until Surrealism began in 1924.